c. hair cells of spiral organ. 6 - Scala vestibuli Using an allowable stress of 9MPa9 \mathrm{~MPa}9MPa for the concrete and 120MPa120 \mathrm{~MPa}120MPa for the steel, determine the largest allowable positive bending moment in a portion of the slab 1m1 \mathrm{~m}1m wide. The posterior cavity contains the __________ canal, a remnant of embryonic development. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, proprioception, and kinesthesia. Three types of receptors detect touch: Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, and free nerve endings. - LIGHT Sensory receptors in the utricle detect the position of the: __________ occurs when impulses from an organ are perceived as originating from the skin. They are rapidly adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders and are responsive to fine details. Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major sensestaste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. Four of the primary mechanoreceptors in human skin are shown. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. d. Axons of glanglion cells from the retina of the left eye, Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens? -Uses rhodopsin Treated with convex lens. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. a. Lamellated corpuscles b. 4. Inner: - Provides for eye shape - Is made of dense connective tissue Order these structures from superficial to deep. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the Somatosensation belongs to the general senses, which are those sensory structures that are distributed throughout the body and in the walls of various organs. E-Book Overview INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE, 3E provides learners with an easy-to-read foundation in the profession of health care. Use the function with the points (1.5, 3), (9, 10.5), what type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? A sensation occurs when neural impulses from these receptors reach the cerebral cortex. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of sensory receptors that extend from the central nervous system (CNS) to communicate with other parts of the body. A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ________ rod(s), Each cone synapses with ______ ganglion cell(s), Cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic, Name the order of the passage of light through the eyeball: -Cochlea A fifth type of mechanoreceptor, Krause end bulbs, are found only in specialized regions. ; Sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that generates a . Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and limb position. - Supporting cells * sucrose The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. -Aqueous humor, Indicate whether each item is composed of transparent (clear) material through which light passes, or if the item is an opaque structure not involved in the transmission of light. This information is detected by sensory receptors in our muscles, ligaments, and joints, and then processed through the central nervous system. There are multiple types of mechanoreceptors in the skin that are activated by different types of touch stimuli The receptive field size differs among the types of mechanoreceptors The adaptation rate differs among the types of mechanoreceptors Receptive field is a region of skin that activate a given mechanoreceptor They can also be classified functionally on the basis of the transduction of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell membrane potential. The somatosensory is the system of nerve cells that responds to changes to the external or internal state of the body. The cartilaginous portion of the external ear is called the: What type of mascular degeneration is most severe? In humans, touch receptors are less dense in skin covered with any type of hair, such as the arms, legs, torso, and face. A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a (n) ______ a. interoceptor. The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the c. Optic chiasm 1) Fibrous tunic d. Astigmatism, What may be the cause of hyperopia? The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. - They are immobile. d. Dopamine, a. hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane, When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. There are a few types of hair receptors that detect slow and rapid hair movement, and they differ in their sensitivity to movement. What is the most numerous type of receptor? Pacinian corpuscles detect rapid vibrations (about 200-300 Hz). detect deep pressure, vibration, position. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. These include mechanoreceptors that detect light touch, vibration, pressure, and texture; nociceptors that detect pain; and thermoreceptors that detect temperature. Transduction refers to . Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz (C-H) and (C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. Small, finely calibrated mechanoreceptorsMerkels disks and Meissners corpusclesare located in the upper layers and can precisely localize even gentle touch. These include receptors for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors that are sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O 2, pH, and osmolality. Perilymph is located between the As tears drain through the lacrimal caruncle they enter small holes called the lacrimal __________. The cranial nerves are connected to the same side of the brain from which the sensory information originates. The receptors for the vestibular sense are hair cells within the inner ear (vestibule). 3) Retina. Barorecptors detect pressure changes in an organ. -Involved with night vision b. somatic sensory receptor. Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. Paraplegia, paralysis of both lower limbs, is caused by an injury lower on the spinal column. Buds Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water won't fall out? f. Choroid Free nerve endings are the most common nerve endings in skin, and they extend into the middle of the epidermis. - Pharyngotympanic tube a. Na+ View ANAPHY SPECIAL SENSE NOTES.docx from NUR 123 at University of Manila. a - Thalamus Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. Are receptors that can respond to changes in pressure? b. Visceral pain can be so great that it causes somatic pain. Meissner corpuscles in the fingertips, such as the one viewed here using bright field light microscopy, allow for touch discrimination of fine detail. e. Sclera What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of receptors. Ruffini endings are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch and are present in both the glabrous and hairy skin. 7. ends with the round window, free nerve endings are terminal branches of. Vitreous humor, anterior chamber, lens, pupil, posterior chamber, vascular tunic, cornea, retina. - Touching a hot pan. __________ pain is a sensation associated with a body part that has been removed. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. -Cornea What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic? Cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, iris, lens, choroid, ciliary body, vitreous humor. Meissners corpuscles, also known as tactile corpuscles, are found in the upper dermis, but they project into the epidermis. MRI image testing does a good job of finding deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in the thigh and pelvis. transparent & avascular Specific types of receptors called _____ detect stimuli in the internal organs. 2) Photoreceptors An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. Lies deep to dermis. Figure1. c. Rod - Filiform d. basilar membrane and vestibular membrane. Wed love your input. Mechanoreceptors in the skin are described as encapsulated or unencapsulated. 4 - The vestibular membrane begins to vibrate. Middle ear 3. Meissner corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. - Exposure to acid on the skin 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. Which of the following are functions of the inner ear? Identify and briefly explain the two single-gene diseases. What disease causes fluid build up in the eye, dislocating the lens? The lacrimal caruncle is on the __________ side of the eye. Some stimuli are ions and macromolecules that affect transmembrane receptor proteins by binding or by directly diffusing across the cell membrane. *Semicircular canals Which of the following structures contain exteroceptors? a. cochlea. a. Qualitative Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Slopes in Patients Undergoing Brain Death Protocol. The general senses can be divided into somatosensation, which is commonly considered touch, but includes tactile, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain perception. What is the function of the auditory ossicles? This occurs when a stimulus is detected by a receptor which generates a graded potential in a sensory neuron. d. Reduced lens flexibility, Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. If strong enough, the graded potential causes the sensory neuron to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory informationand sometimes higher cognitive functionsto become a conscious perception of that stimulus. The four major types of tactile mechanoreceptors include: Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. The configuration of the different types of receptors working in concert in human skin results in a very refined sense of touch. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin (Figure 6.2), muscle, joints, bone and viscera. Mt. There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. Capsaicin molecules bind to a transmembrane ion channel in nociceptors that is sensitive to temperatures above 37C. e. Detectable odors are actually combinations of a smaller number of primary odors. d. tympanic membrane. Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep in the skin. Some hair receptors also detect skin deflection, and certain rapidly adapting hair receptors allow detection of stimuli that have not yet touched the skin. -Used in scotopic vision b. inferior colliculus. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli and are the basis for olfaction and gustation. . Which of the following are examples of olfactory cells? The vestibule contains two structures, the utricle and __________. The vitreous body is also called the vitreous __________. Thirdly, the functional classification is based on how the cell transduces the stimulus into a neural signal. 5. -Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Related to these are Golgi tendon organs, which are tension receptors that detect the force of muscle contraction. Also, what is referred to simply as touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle position, on the basis of the type of mechanoreceptors that perceive these touch sensations. Hence, they convey information about the duration of the stimulus. The bulbous corpuscles (also known as Ruffini endings) detect tension deep in the skin and fascia. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. . - They function well in dim light. d. Stapes, 5. oval window : *Semicircular canals *Vestibular *Cochlea *Saccule *Basilar membrane c. basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. c. overlapping visual fields. Other somatosensory receptors are found in the joints and muscles. In bright-light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the ____________ of the eye. What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Stretch receptors monitor the stretching of tendons, muscles, and the components of joints. e. Bipolar cells Decide if these retinal events occur in the dark or in the light. Krause end bulbs detect cold. { "36.01:_Sensory_Processes_-_Reception" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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